Evaluation of dietary habits according to breakfast consumption in Korean adolescents: based on the 6(th) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013 ~ 2015 / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study examined the nutrient intake and dietary habits based on breakfast consumption in Korean adolescents. METHODS: The data of the 2013 ~ 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used in this study. The analysis included 1,281 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. The subjects were divided into two groups (EBF: eating breakfast, n = 911; SBF: skipping breakfast, n = 370). RESULTS: The EBF group was significantly younger than the SBF group. In addition, the EBF group had a significantly lower frequency of skipping dinner than the SBF group. The EBF group consumed significantly higher levels of most nutrients except for vitamin A than the SBF group. The percent of nutrient intake under the EAR (estimated average requirements) in the EBF group were also significantly lower than that in the SBF group. Moreover, the NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio) and MAR (mean adequacy ratio) of the EBF group were significantly higher than those of the SBP group. The intake of cereal, sugars and sweeteners, vegetables, and eggs in the EBF group was significantly higher than that in the SBF group. CONCLUSION: The habit of skipping breakfast in adolescents leads to a decrease in the total nutrient intake and imbalanced dietary habits. Breakfast consumption in adolescence is very important. Therefore, more studies will be needed to develop nutrition education systematically in Korean adolescents.

Determination of the Stress Factor Calculated from the Changes in the Measured Resting Energy Expenditure with Indirect Calorimetry in Patients Undergoing Pancreaticoduodenectomy

PURPOSE: To predict the energy expenditure using the stress factor representing the ratio of the metabolic variation between pre-operation and post-operation in a pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). METHODS: This was a prospective study conducted on 17 patients (11 males and 6 females) who underwent PD at Chonbuk National University Hospital between March 2010 and October 2011. The rest energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry 1 day before and 3 days after surgery. The height, weight, and fat free mass were also measured 1 day before surgery. RESULTS: The mean measured rest energy expenditure 1 day before PD (mREEpre) and 3 days after PD (mREEpost) were significantly different (16.8±2.6 vs. 18.8±3.5 kcal/kg/d, P=0.0076). The stress factor, representing the ratio of the metabolic changes between pre- and post-PD, was 1.12±0.17. The recommended energy requirement for PD patients is estimated to be 23∼24 kcal/ideal body weight/d [determined from the measured preoperative rest energy expenditure (16.8±2.6 kcal/kg/d)×activity factor (1.2∼1.3)×stress factor (1.12)]. CONCLUSION: PD patients maintained a hypermetabolic status and the applicable stress factor was 1.12.

Nutritional Status of Korean Hospitalized Patients: A Multi-Center Preliminary Survey

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients aged 18 years old or older at the time of admission in Korea. METHODS: This multi-center, preliminary survey included patients over 18 years old who were admitted on a given day from six hospitals in Korea. Nutritional status was assessed using Subjective Global Assessment tool. Data collected included hospital characteristics, patient characteristics, nutrition screening, and nutrition assessment. RESULTS: Among the 99 patients recruited (47 males, 47.5%), 18 (18.2%) and 2 (2.0%) patients were moderately malnourished and severely malnourished, respectively. The mean age of the malnourished group was older than that of the well-nourished group (49.7+/-17.1 vs. 60.5+/-13.6 years old, P-value=0.010). Patients admitted for medical treatment were more malnourished than those admitted for surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: Results of the multi-center preliminary survey showed 20.2% prevalence of malnutrition on admission. A national survey was piloted and will be followed by full implementation.

Characteristics in Nutritional Status of Patients on Hemodialysis and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Patients in Chonbuk Area

The present study was designed to compare the nutritional status of hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Subjects were 58 HD patients (male/female = 29/29) and 33 CAPD patients (male/female=23/10) undergoing dialysis treatment in Artificial Kidney Unit of Chonbuk National University Hospital. For nutritional assessment, %IBW (ideal body weight), %TSF (tricep skin fold), %MAC (mid arm circumference), %MAMC (mid arm muscle circumference), serum albumin, serum transferrin, TLC (total lymphocyte count), SGA (subjective global assessment) and estimated energy and protein intakes by 1-month food frequency method were used. Between HD and CAPD group, mean age (50+/-12 vs. 52+/-12 yr), dialysis durations (37+/-36 vs. 30+/-26 mon), dietary energy intakes (28.3+/-9.0 vs. 28.8+/-8.6 kcal/kg/day), dietary protein intakes (1.1+/-0.4 vs. 1.2+/-0.3 g/kg/day) and incidence of co-morbid conditions (69.0% vs. 69.7%) were not significantly different. Data by using SGA showed a higher incidence of malnutrition in CAPD patients (45.6%) than in HD patients (36.2%). %IBW (p<0.001), %TSF (p<0.001) and %MAC (p<0.001) were higher in CAPD patients than were in HD patients. But serum albumin (p<0.001) and transferrin (p<0.001) were significantly lower in CAPD patients than were in HD patients. A higher incidence of malnutrition was shown in CAPD Patients than in HD Patients due to different dialysis type. A significant finding was that CAPD showed protein deficient malnutrition and HD did calorie deficient malnutrition. It suggests that an adequate dietary intake considering dialysis type prevents a prevalence of malnutrition.